1. Background, purpose

Making an artificial brain is a supreme goal, and this global effort is going on in the full swing. Not only this has become a prime goal for several countries across the globe, all major multinational companies are doing the same with the largest investment of the world. Brain has machines from atomic scale to the meter scale. Therefore, one has to master the technologies that spread from molecular electronics, photonics, design and synthesis of organic materials, computer science, mathematics, physics etc. For example, nano scale machines would carry out important tasks in the future. However, they should have brains providing intelligence to these nano-machines at the atomic scale. We are the first to develop a brain for the nanobots and continuously we are building more and more life-like nano-machines. World’s smallest artificial life was our target.

The fundamental building block of a life form is protein and human brain expresses almost all of the 30000 proteins. For this purpose we need to unravel the mystery of information processing in the biomaterials. Until now, people were considering that protein is like a conventional electronic component found in an electronic shop. But is that true? If not, then what is protein? Now, if protein follows an unprecedented electronics, what is the basic information in biology, in life, and in the brain? If brain is not a circuit, not a machine, not a processor like the conventional computer, then, every single research being done in the world.

2. Results of research: inventing ten research fields

In the five-year period, 2011-2015, we have completed the background research for a new science for bioinformatics and associated electronics and materials science research, both experimentally and theoretically. There are ten research fields that we have created, which did not exist earlier, not even proposed. We have explained the fields in the form of a chart to our right.

By doing research on proteins we found that a new kind of fourth circuit element (we call it Hinductor [1]) that mankind was searching for over 150 years, we have found that device. This is research field number one. This device is used to build fractal cavity resonator which is the fundamental device used by nature for its information processing.

Information in nature is not “bits” or “qubits” its time cycle. So we have developed a new Fractal Information theory (FIT), this is our second research field. For the last 115 years we have been using only one information theory, this is the second [2, 3, 10].

No one writes a software program for nature, it does everything by itself, so an information theory was not enough we had to build a language of nature, using which the biomaterials processes information and there is no need to do programming. We call this third field as geometric musical language (GML) [3,10].

The fundamental physical process that regulates GML is fractal beating, this is a new kind of beating, an advanced form of quantum beating. There are plenty of associated features followed when we discovered this unique process. We introduced Fractal mechanics research field that also delivers all the prerequisites for the FIT and GML combo. A generic form of Quantum mechanics is therefore the fourth research field that we introduced [4, 10].

There are three research fields, which generated from this fourth research field of Fractal mechanics. First, the fractal beating we could encode in the molecular nano brain using which we could build non-chemical physical drugs, we call it musiceuticals. This is the fifth field and we have tested on cancer and Alzheimers [5].

Second, a new kind of chemistry we introduce for fractal reaction kinetics and fractal condensation. Thus, Fractal chemistry is the sixth research field [6].

Third, using GML, Fractal chemistry, FIT, and musiceuticals we have been successful to design brain jelly an organic jelly like solution that mimics the brain rhythms. Brain jelly an advancement of nano brain is our seventh research field [7].

Using the fourth circuit element and the fractal mechanics, we have created a genre of thermal motors. These motors harvest thermal energy and a basic element in the nano brain and brain jelly, we built thermo-electro-mechanical systems (TEMS), this is our eighth research field [8].

Based on FIT, GML and fractal mechanics we have created a fractal cavity resonator model of an entire human brain considering every single component of a human brain. We are building a global platform for the nested rhythms found in the brain. Modeling the vibrations and the rhythms of a human brain is our nineth research field [9].

This brain model shows that a fundamental prime number theory and the mathematics of e, pi, phi and i, regulates evolution of every single new features that we observe in the biomaterials and biophysics research. Therefore in the tenth field we have fused number system and geometry for finding the key evolution of symmetries that nature follows while designing and synthesizing materials [10].

3. The prospects: the follow up commercial products

All the ten research fields that we have introduced have direct connection to industry.

First, fourth circuit element is good for ultra-low power electronics.

Second, fractal information theory is directly related to the data deluge problem that we face.

Third, geometric musical language is to avoid massive programming and the development of natural language; it is for the instantaneous solutions in an unknown situations like outer space missions.

Fourth, fractal mechanics gives us a new kind of piezoelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties.

Fifth, musiceuticals are drugs that will have no side effects.

Six, fractal chemistry enables 100% conversion in synthesis, minimal side products and natural product synthesis.

Seven, brain jelly as the neural jelly for the futuristic robots.

Eight, TEMS, thermal energy harvesting.

Nine, human brain model for vibrational frequencies and rhythms will help treating various neurodiseases.

Ten, the prime number theory and fusion of basic geometry is formulated to predict unprecedented materials with unique properties.

References

1) Helical symmetries observed in proteins: An inductor made of arrayed capacitors (2010) Japanese patent has been issued on 20th August 2015 JP-511630 (world patent filed, this is the invention of fourth circuit element), Satyajit Sahu, Daisuke Fujita, Anirban Bandyopadhyay, US patent has been issued 9019685B2, 28th April 2015.

2) S. Ghosh, D. Fujita & A. Bandyopadhyay; An organic jelly made fractal logic gate with an infinite truth table; Scientific Reports 5, 11265 (2015)

3) S. Ghosh, S. Sahu, D. Fujita, A. Bandyopadhyay; Design and operation of a brain like computer: a new class of frequency-fractal computing using wireless communication in a supramolecular organic, inorganic systems. Information, (2014), 5, 28-99;

4) L. Agrawal, et al, Replacing “bits” by “time cycle”: Fractal Information Theory (FIT) and Geometrical musical language (GML) for brain inspired hypercomputing; SocPros 2016, Springer conference proceedings.

5) (a) S. Ghosh, S. Chatterjee, A. Roy, K. Ray, S. Swarnakar, D. Fujita and A. Bandyopadhyay, Resonant Oscillation Language of a Futuristic Nano-Machine-Module: Eliminating Cancer Cells & Alzheimer Aβ Plaques, Curr. Topic. Med. Chem. 15, 534-541 (2015), (b) S. Sahu, H. Oono, S. Ghosh, A. Bandyopadhyay, D. Fujita, F. Peper, T. Isokawa, R. Pati: On Cellular Automata rules of molecular arrays. Natural Computing 11(2): 311-321 (2012).

6) (a) S. Ghosh, M. Dutta, K. Ray, D. Fujita and A. Bandyopadhyay, A simultaneous one pot synthesis of two fractal structures via swapping two fractal reaction kinetic states, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 18, 14772-14775(2016) [cover highlight]; (b) A supramolecular archtecture creation by successive phase transitions and radiations, Subrata Ghosh/Satyajit Sahu/Anirban Bandyopadhyay/Daisuke Fujita, 2014/10/29, JP2014-219958 (this is creation of nano brain)

7) (a) S. Ghosh, M. Dutta, S. Sahu, D. Fujita, A. Bandyopadhyay Nano Molecular-platform: A protocol to write energy transmission program inside a molecule for bio-inspired supramolecular engineering. Adv. Func. Mater. (2014), 24, 1364-1371; [Cover page] (b) Continuously self-assembling material, Subrata Ghosh/Anirban Bandyopadhyay/Daisuke Fujita,  2014/8/7, JP2014-161746, (this is creation of nano brain)

8) Thermal Noise Driven Molecular Rotor, Subrata Ghosh/Satyajit Sahu/Daisuke Fujita/Anirban Bandyopadhyay, 2014/4/25, JP2014-091141; (this is creation of a motor for nano brain)

9) (a) S. Sahu, S. Ghosh, D. Fujita, A. Bandyopadhyay Live visualizations of single isolated tubulin protein self-assembly via tunneling current: effect of electromagnetic pumping during spontaneous growth of microtubule. Scientific Reports, 4, 7303 (2014); (b) Ghosh, S. Sahu, and A. Bandyopadhyay Evidence of massive global synchronization and the consciousness. Comment on “Consciousness in the Universe: A Review of the ‘Orch OR’ Theory”. Phys. Life Rev. (2014), 11, 83-84; (c) S. Sahu, S. Ghosh, K. Hirata, D. Fujita, A. Bandyopadhyay Multi-level memory-switching properties of a single brain microtubule. Applied Physics Letters 102, 123701 (2013); (d) S. Sahu, S. Ghosh, B. Ghosh, K. Aswani, K. Hirata, D. Fujita, A. Bandyopadhyay Atomic water channel controlling remarkable properties of a single brain microtubule: Correlating single protein to its supramolecular assembly Biosensors and Bioelectronics 47(2013)141–148, (e) S. Sahu, S. Ghosh, D. Fujita, A. Bandyopadhyay Computational myths and mysteries that have grown around microtubule in the last half a century and their possible verification; Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 8, 1-7 (2011), (cover page)

10) Book chapter related to this article: L. Agrawal, et al; Replacing Turing tape with a Fractal tape: a new information theory, associated mechanics and decision making without computing, Matter and consciousness in Indian epistemology. Chapter 6, 87-159 (2016). Delhi, India.

Cosmology and elementary particle physics would end by generating a new world of physics above and within: There are proposals that time does not exist and mass is everything. The history of science started with space and time and mass as a separate quantity. Always in the history of science we have seen that mass is deconstructed to a sum of smaller masses, most of the places in a mass is found to be empty and every time we lost a lots of mass. If everywhere 99% is empty and there is no apparent lower limit then, relying on mass as a fundamental parameter is silly. This is why we rejected “mass” as a fundamental parameter.

We told that the lost mass is gone to bind the particles containing the mass. Einstein’s E=mC^2 is such a formulae, and if you see our galaxy far far from the boundaries of the universe then you would find it as a single dot of mass, similarly a molecule or an atom. It is something very new only when we enter inside. This journey for mankind would continue forever. Cosmic world is not the single world out there. There is something beyond cosmology both outside and beneath the worlds of Higgs Boson. If a human is 1.7 meters and an atom is 0.16 nm, then 10^9 order spatial gap is bridged within our conscience.

Who responds? The world of “silence” and “bing”: Therefore, it is safe to consider mass is sum of spaces, as Einstein did. However, the journey should not end there. We consider a signal or a “bing” from a mass, does it come from a mass? No. Then where from? The world within, the discrete atomic energy levels emit and absorb photons, not the atomic mass. Those discrete energy levels have symmetries of their own and we often say that the energy is processed by breaking symmetry, changing one kind of ordering to another. One kind of ordering to another means change in the geometric shape. Who makes the geometric shape? Elementary particles and their ordering changes. And what does it change? The geometric phase. So the existing science tells us that the dynamic phase that we see for a particle is an illusion, it is an outburst of several elementary particles within, its own information is in the geometric phase or the silence between the bings. Two phases are essential because we need intensity of the bing to associate with the geometric phase.

bing is a boundary of silence, bing is a noise of lower hidden world.

How “time” would take the responsibility to do what mass and the space does?

The lower the mass of the exchange particle, the farther the force is felt. It means that the mass and the space are already correlated. Photon is spin 1 and Graviton is spin 2, both are massless and therefore long range forces. Mesons are heavy, hence work at a shorter distance. Instead of getting into these troubles, why not we consider that mass is a geometric transition in the time cycles. Then, space is relative difference in the time cycle perimeters. These are easy routes to

Will then the time would move forward? What is said by Quantum? Second law of thermodynamics suggests that entropy would be increasing, which means that universe has a fundamental property to get more and more disordered, why we do not know. But one thing for sure, we say that time is moving forward only because we lose information. This lose of information is like time cycles do not get connected and form an integrated network, instead they fall apart. But, why should the time cycles get disintegrated? Why is the need, unless we are trying to build another network of time cycles?

The arrow of time is a reality only when we consider that information is destroyed, this is how our thermodynamic concept of time or the arrow of time is built.

Quantum’s signature is in instantaneous control. The problem is that the scientists do not consider instantaneous effects as an absolute property. They think of negative time so that they could add a cause-effect scenario, why do we need to go to the past create cause?

What is second law of thermodynamics and entropy and the flow of time, if we consider nested time cycle as the fundamental structure of the universe? Is there any arrow of time? 

When we consider nested time cycle, we enter a very different world, there is no past present future, location of an observer in the time cycle network determines what should he or she define as network geometry. Still there was no past present and future, many directions of time as proposed by Carroll in 2004 (eternal inflation).

At local time time cycles we may see that continuously the time cycles are breaking apart and somewhere in the network it is growing, there is no necessity that there would always be growth or decay or even conservation of total number of time cycles. These questions are irrelevant. Therefore, entropy of the universe if we consider time cycles is a function of time. And there is no flow of time, both the questions have all possible answer. In the conventional study destruction of information ensures flow of time, increase in entropy, but information does not have any quantity for us, we have upper and lower time limits and density of information, several other factors, but not quantity. Therefore, we are not answering the queries related to these topics.

Massless particles have time cycles propagating to infinity. Hence measuring in Quantum does not require to consider negative time. So, flow of time is not required for any reasons. We created Quantum but could not come out of the mentality of believing the science of simultaneity, where causality could never ever be essential.

The existing concept of “block universe” has to go, it is not very useful (https://www.quantamagazine.org/20160719-time-and-cosmology/): Physics laws are time-symmetric — that is, the physics they describe is the same, regardless of whether the variable called “time” increases or decreases. Moreover, they say nothing at all about the point we call “now” — a special moment (or so it appears) for us, but seemingly undefined when we talk about the universe at large. The resulting timeless cosmos is sometimes called a “block universe” — a static block of space-time in which any flow of time, or passage through it, must presumably be a mental construct or other illusion. There are even proposals for evolving Bloch universe (George Ellis) where past is fixed but the universe future is open https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1407/1407.7243.pdf  Causal set Theory suggested that the universe is continuous at elementary level but discrete at large level http://www.einstein-online.info/spotlights/causal_sets?__hstc=13887208.aa7b15315168b61d73452cb836a9622f.1473287636669.1473287636669.1473287636671.2&__hssc=13887208.1.1473287636671&__hsfp=4242301618

Fay Dowker, a physicist at Imperial College London, referred to this as “accretive time.” She invited everyone to think of space-time as accreting new space-time atoms in way roughly analogous to a seabed depositing new layers of sediment over time. General relativity yields only a block, but causal sets seem to allow a “becoming,” she said. “The block universe is a static thing — a static picture of the world — whereas this process of becoming is dynamical.”

There will always be a moment of maximum density and minimum complexity (Koslowski), for us, from big bang one time cycle is running, and once the equilibrium is reached it will be a new unit and begin the journey as a new journey of primes.